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The Art of Becoming a Multi-Planetary Species: Could humans live on Jupiter’s moons?

Lead Image: Jupiter’s Galilean Moons NASA’s Galileo spacecraft captured these images of Jupiter’s four largest moons. From left to right, they are shown in order from outermost to innermost: Callisto in 2001, Ganymede in 1997, Europa in 1998, and Io in 1997. Image Credit: NASA / JPL / Ted Stryk What kind of challenges would humans face to live on Jupiter’s icy moons and what discoveries would await? Today, we take a look at Jupiter’s largest moons. Also known as the “Galileans” or “Jovian Moons,” these satellites have long been a source of fascination for astronomers and scientists. Ever since…

Stanford engineers invent a solar panel that generates electricity at night

Lead Image: These ordinary solar panels don’t generate electricity at night, future iterations of the technology might be able to. zhengzaishuru / iStock The skies above Stanford, California, were unusually clear for several nights last October. That was good news for researcher Sid Assawaworrarit and his colleagues. Those conditions were “probably the best of the year,” he tells IE. Assaworrarit isn’t an astronomer grateful that clouds didn’t block starlight from traveling through the atmosphere and reaching the mirror of his telescope. An electrical engineer, he welcomed the cloudless nights for an entirely different reason: a clear night means infrared light from the surface…

How gamma rays from distant pulsars show ripples in the fabric of space-time

Lead Image: The white circles show select pulsars detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The red arrow points to J1231-1411, which was instrumental in this project. NASA Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is on a collision course. But don’t hold your breath. In roughly 4.5 billion years, the Milky Way and its nearest galactic neighbor, Andromeda, will merge. These galaxies — like all the others — each have a supermassive black hole at their center. As gravity pulls them closer and closer together, the black holes will almost certainly begin orbiting each other. These objects contain so much…

All about Vulcan, a hypothetical planet between the Sun and Mercury

For millennia, the planets visible to the naked eye—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn—filled out the solar system along with the Sun, the Moon, and Earth. But when the scientific revolution led to the discovery of the “invisible” planets Uranus and Neptune in the 19th century, scientists also began to believe that there was at least one more planet lurking around the Sun, and this one was even closer: the planet Vulcan believed to orbit somewhere between Mercury and the Sun. The search for the planet Vulcan in the 19th century was one of the most stubborn scientific endeavors of…

Antimatter: Normal Matter’s Touchy Alter Ego

Lead Image: A team led by physicists from Oxford University analyzed data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and discovered that a subatomic particle can switch between matter and antimatter, a report by New Atlas explained. Antimatter, which is differentiated by having the opposite charge to normal matter, is composed of the antiparticles of normal matter. Some particles oscillate between being matter and antimatter via superposition, as illustrated by the thought experiment of Schrödinger’s cat. In a world-first discovery, it was found that the charm meson, a subatomic particle made out of a charm quark and an antiquark, can travel…