A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts or when something stops the flow of blood to a certain region of the brain.
Neuroscientists make a surprising brain discovery.
According to research, a set of amino acids that normally maintain brain function play a crucial role in the brain deterioration that could occur after a stroke or traumatic brain injury.
According to Dr. Sergei Kirov, a neuroscientist in the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine at the Medical College of Georgia, the new study for the first time provides surprising evidence that four common nonexcitatory amino acids, which are typically used to make proteins that are crucial for brain function, instead cause irreversible, destructive swelling of both the astrocytes that support neurons and the neurons themselves.
“There are many ways to kill neurons. This is one that people have not thought about,” says Kirov, corresponding author of the study published in the journal GLIA.
A stroke caused by a burst or blocked blood vessel in the brain, as well as traumatic brain injury, or TBI, both disrupt the brain’s unique, super-tightly woven endothelial cells, which help guarantee that nothing harmful escapes from our blood. The protective barrier is known as the blood-brain barrier, and after these sorts of significant brain events, the protective barrier can become leaky and its components can escape.
Plasma, the fluid component of blood, is an early escapee into the already stressed neighboring brain regions, bringing with it these amino acids that form proteins, a fundamental component of our cells and muscle. Small molecules, such as oxygen, can normally flow through the blood-brain barrier, however, bigger molecules, such as these amino acids, have a closely controlled system that guarantees the proper quantity of the right factor is delivered directly to the cells that need them.
Transporters inside the membranes of the endothelial cells enable select items, including amino acids as well as glucose, to be delivered and may carry some other molecule out on the return trip.
Transporters also deliver the most common excitatory amino acid glutamate, which, as its name indicates, excites neurons to action. Glutamate is a chemical messenger or neurotransmitter that binds to the NMDA receptor, which plays an important role in a myriad of key functions like learning and memory as well as breathing. It functions by activating channels that allow calcium, sodium, and potassium to enter the body. However, like with most things in the body, too much activation of the receptor results in too much calcium and sodium, followed by too much fluid, which is known to be fatal to neurons.
Kirov’s research team opted to investigate the less-studied nonexcitatory amino acids.
They used sophisticated technology including two photon laser microscopy, which allows them to look in real-time into living tissue, in this case, brain slices, and high-resolution images enabled by electron microscopy to directly examine the tissue for evidence of injury to astrocytes and neurons from four of these nonexcitatory amino acids, which are some of the most abundant in plasma: L-alanine, glycine, L-glutamine, and L-serine.
Once the blood-brain barrier became leaky, the astrocytes and neurons became inundated with these amino acids. The brain cells literally overfilled with them, which, in turn, increased sodium inside cells. The sodium attracted water, so the expanded brain cells took up more space, which alone is dangerous in the closed confines of the skull.
Astrocytes, accustomed to taking care of neurons, now tried to protect themselves by opening channels that allow excess water and molecules to escape. Glutamate also escaped at that point, which overstimulated the NMDA receptors, which overstimulated the neurons that can become injured, dramatically enlarged, burst, and die, in a vicious, deadly circle.
“We used electron microscopy to look at synapses where transmission happens and everything was messed up,” says Kirov, who was very surprised by the amount of damage induced by the nonexcitatory amino acids.
To confirm the surprising findings, they removed the nonexcitatory amino acids, and the ability of neurons to communicate was restored after 30 minutes of adequate oxygen, rather than the worsening damage that occurred when they were present.
When they inhibited the NMDA receptors during hypoxia, the nonexcitatory amino acids again did not have the same deleterious impact.
“No one was expecting these nonexcitatory amino acids would cause that much damage,” Kirov reiterates. He anticipated that at the worst, the scientific team would find that the usual function of these amino acids would be wasted because the usual dynamic in the brain had been altered by a stroke or TBI.
But their overt role in the destruction that resulted makes an intervention in the vicious circle a clearly novel target in the destruction that follows a stroke or TBI, Kirov says. The transporters that move the amino acids may be a good first target, he says, with some sort of localized pharmacologic intervention to prevent or reduce their activity in the immediate aftermath of a stroke or TBI.
He notes that this new approach would likely be in conjunction with existing approaches that include, for example, surgical measures to reduce pressure inside the skull when it gets too high.
Dr. Iris Álvarez-Merz, neuroscientist and the paper’s first author, was a graduate student at the Universidad Autόnoma de Madrid, who worked with Kirov at MCG for several months and conducted the sophisticated testing that identified the resulting damage. She had some preliminary findings based on less sophisticated electrophysiology studies which look only at extracellular electrical activity, but more advanced techniques, like those available in Kirov’s lab, were needed to make clear associations between the nonexcitatory amino acids and the brain damage that can follow stroke and TBI.
Up to 90% of patients with these brain injuries experience collateral damage to brain tissue adjacent to the site of the injury, called the penumbra, hours and sometimes even days later, worsening damage and potential recovery prospects.
Glutamate, the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter, is normally recycled continuously by the body. Astrocytes convert it into glutamine, an amino acid, which is taken up by neurons that convert it back to glutamate. Too much glutamate is associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Reference: “Novel mechanism of hypoxic neuronal injury mediated by non-excitatory amino acids and astroglial swelling” by Iris Álvarez-Merz, Ioulia V Fomitcheva, Jeremy Sword, Jesús M Hernández-Guijo, José M Solís and Sergei A Kirov, 8 July 2022, GLIA.
DOI: 10.1002/glia.24241
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades.
